农产品质量安全检测结果的质量控制措施研究

本文介绍了几种典型的农产品质量检测方法，并根据多年实验室检测经验，提出检测结果质 量控制措施与评价方法，包括平行样品测定、质控样品测定、内部对比实验与能力验证实验等等，力求 使农产品检测结果更加精准，质量安全得到有效控制。     

小麦栽培中常见的问题与措施

目前由于我国社会经济的发展，对小麦的需求越来越大，因此为小麦的种植带来了较大的商 机，但在小麦栽培中还具有多种问题，需要通过针对性的措施予以解决。随着农业种植结构的逐步调 整，怎样提升种植小麦栽培质量就显得十分重要。本文对小麦栽培种常见的问题与措施展开探究。     

西藏昂仁县黄牛人工授精率改良现状及提高措施

西藏日喀则黄牛是乳、肉、役兼用的小型地方原始品种,简称西藏牛,该牲畜品种适应高原气候,耐粗饲,管理较为粗放,抗逆性较强,但是由于该黄牛品种个体较小,性成熟较晚,整体的生产性能低下,严重影响到养殖户的经济效益。目前在西藏日喀则昂仁县黄牛人工授精技术已初步形成体系,人工授精率逐年上升,但是在具体的操作中,由于很多技术人员存在诸多不规范的行为,黄牛的受胎率时好时坏,严重影响品种改良进程。该文主要论述影响西藏昂仁县黄牛人工受精率的因素,提出相应的工作措施。     

旱作农田种植碳排放主要因素 及减排措施研究

农业生产是温室气体排放第二大排放源,降低农业生产的碳排放具有意义重大。本文梳理了种植生产过程中碳排放相关的文献,发现种植过程产生碳排放的主要因素之一是化肥的生产和使用。通过优化秸秆和肥料利用模式成为化肥减施和替代的重要途径,综合考虑了农田碳排放和土壤固碳,为进一步研究旱作农田减排措施提供参考。     

饲料中沙门氏菌的快速检测方法及预防措施

本文介绍了近些年来饲料中沙门氏菌的检测方法,并提出了预防饲料中沙门氏菌污染的措施,具体包括饲料原料选择、生产加工过程的控制以及包装、运输、储存、使用过程的控制等方面内容,以期为饲料安全生产提供参考。     

天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护 重要区生态承载力评价

为了明确近10年天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护重要区生态承载力状况，基于社会发展压力、经济发展压力、资源环境支撑力和生态弹力构建评价指标体系，利用投影寻踪模型对2008—2017年天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护重要区生态承载力进行评价。研究结果显示，第三产业占GDP比重、人均国内生产总值、一般工业固体废弃物产生量及森林覆盖率对研究区城市生态承载力有较大影响。2008年研究区城市生态承载力评价等级基本安全的城市有6个，较不安全的城市有5个，不安全的城市有2个。2017年研究区城市里生态承载力评价等级较安全的城市有1个，基本安全的城市有1个，较不安全的城市有7个，不安全的城市有4个。2008—2017年5个城市生态承载力呈上升趋势，8个城市生态承载力呈下降趋势。研究区城市生态承载力在空间分布上呈现由中心向南北递减的趋势。     

Interaction between climate and management on beta diversity components of vegetation in relation to soil properties in arid and semi-arid oak forests,Iran

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites(4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots(1000 m~2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots(1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m~2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples(0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

小花蝽在不同植物上的种群密度

2010―2016年通过人工栽培小区试验，系统调查了33科152种植物上小花蝽复合种群发生动态。多年调查结果表明：除黄柴胡外，其余151种植物上均有小花蝽发生，但小花蝽的种群密度在不同调查年度的植物种类上差异较大。小花蝽种群发生密度最高的植物是蓝蓟，其次是芥菜、硫华菊、荞麦、紫花苜蓿、红麻、陆地棉等有大量蚜虫及开花周期较长的植物。本研究明确了农田生境中小花蝽发生密度较高的候选功能植物，为下一步利用植物多样性促进农田小花蝽种群的保育及控害功能提供科学依据。     

A critical sites network for freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin

The Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is known for its high levels of species richness and endemism. Freshwater ecosystems within this region are highly threatened, putting both biodiversity and human livelihoods at risk. Protected areas (PAs) should provide the foundation for conservation actions to tackle threats but currently poorly represent freshwater species. To address this issue, systematic conservation planning (Marxan) was used to identify networks of sites within the LVB for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity, based on existing Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and PAs, and with minimal cost in terms of area and human impact. Networks were identified separately for threatened species and/or those endemic to the LVB, and those susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Here, these were combined to present an overall sites network for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Site‐level recommendations are provided as a scientific basis for the development and expansion of the existing network.